The design of bolted flange joints is essential components for pressure containment. This design provides a fundamental understanding of the bolted flange joints. The bolted flange joints are designed using appropriate flange designing software. This software performs flange design calculations in accordance with ASME Code requirements, in addition to leakage evaluation capability.

Digital I/O board is a special type of data acquisition board, which contains digital inputs (I) and digital outputs (O). The digital I/O on a data acquisition board or card typically interfaces with standard logic-level digital signals. Digital I/O boards may have 4, 8, 16, or 32 lines or channels of digital I/O, and can be in most combinations of input and output channels. However, for more complex applications, standalone digital I/O boards are available with 96 channels of I/O. These special purpose boards might provide both logic-level and high current drive outputs, compatible with relay and SSR and relay racks. Digital I/O boards are available for most common bus configurations to meet most applications.

Digital input/output module provides computer monitoring of digital input and digital output signals and control of industrial devices through solid-state relays. It allows a single host computer to control thousands of I/O points from one serial port. The digital inputs accept a wide signal level input, up to +30Vdc without damage, and have TTL logic input switching levels. The digital outputs are open-collector transistors offering the most flexibility for almost any application. It is ideal for controlling solid-state relays.

A digital input typically consists of a power supply (voltage source), a switch and a voltage-sensing device (analog-to-digital converter). Depending on the switch's open/closed status, the sensing device detects a voltage or no voltage condition, which in turn generates a logical 0 or 1, on or off, alarm or normal or similarly defined state.

A digital output typically consists of a switch either mechanical as in a relay, or electronic as in a transistor or Triac that either opens or closes the circuit between two terminals depending on the binary state of the output.